Managing Data

Difficulties in Managing Data

·         Amount of data increases exponentially.

·         Data are scattered and collected  by many individuals using various methods and devices.

·         Data come from many sources.

·         Data security, quality and integrity are critical.

The Database Approach

n  Database management system (DBMS) provides all users with access to all the data.

n  DBMSs minimize the following problems:

n  Data redundancy: The same data are stored in many places.

n  Data isolation: Applications cannot access data associated with other applications.

n  Data inconsistency: Various copies of the data do not agree.

n  DBMSs maximize the following issues:

n  Data security: Keeping the organization’s data safe from theft, modification, and/or destruction.

n  Data integrity: Data must meet constraints (e.g., student grade point averages cannot be negative).

n  Data independence: Applications and data are independent of one another. Applications and data are not linked to each other, meaning that applications are able to access the same data.

Database Management Systems

A database management system is a set of programs that provide users with tools to add, delete, access, and analyze data stored in one location.

The relational database model is based on the concept of two-dimensional tables.

Structured query language allows users to perform complicated searches by using relatively simple statements or keywords.

Query by example allows users to fill out a grid or template to construct a sample or description of the data he or she wants.

Data Warehousing

n  Data warehouses are organized by business dimension or subject.

n  Data warehouses are multidimensional.

n  Data warehouses are historical.

n  Data warehouses use online analytical processing.

Knowledge Management

Knowledge management is a process that helps organizations manipulate important

knowledge that is part of the organization’s memory, usually in an unstructured format.

Knowledge that is contextual, relevant, and actionable.

Intellectual capital is another term often used for knowledge.

Knowledge Management System Cycle:

n  Create knowledge

n  Capture knowledge

n  Refine knowledge

n  Store knowledge

n  Manage knowledge

n  Disseminate knowledge